Disc Injuries can be a common injury to the back and spine and mostly occur in the lumbar spine (lower back) or the cervical spine (neck). The spine is made up of bones called vertebrae which are separated by discs that act like shock absorbers. Discs are made of tough cartilage, with a soft, jelly-like fluid inside. The discs between your vertebrae allow the flexibility of motion in the spine. The discs also allow an exit and entry point for spinal nerves that carry messages to the brain and body.
Disc injuries can be painful and restricting. People often hear about ‘slipped discs’. The discs of the spine are attached to the vertebra, so they don’t actually ‘slip’. A disc injury can refer to a number of disc problems.
Disc bulge:
This occurs when the soft material of the disc pushes either forward or backward out of position. This results in swelling and painful pressure to the area.
Disc tear:
A disc tear occurs when a small tear or crack appears in the outer rim of the disc and can lead to fluid leaking from the disc. This is the most common form of disc injury.
Disc herniation:
A herniation refers to the fluid within the centre of the disc rupturing through the outer fibres, stretching the disc beyond its normal limits.
Disc prolapse:
A condition in which part of the disc tears away and becomes a free-floating fragment.
Disc desiccation:
This occurs when the disc loses its fluid, degenerates, and becomes worn down.
Disc injuries are often caused by a build-up of minor damage, rather than a single major incident. These minor episodes include poor posture, poor lifting and bending techniques, or repetitive action. These episodes can place pressure on the disc that builds up until a small movement, such as standing or bending, sets off painful symptoms.
All of these disc injuries can vary in the type and severity of symptoms. A disc bulge can push onto nerves in the spine, resulting in a lot of pain and limited movement. On the other hand, people can have disc bulges and experience little to no pain, or referred pain elsewhere in the body. For this reason, it is important to be assessed for the underlying cause of disc pain, to ensure that treatment matches the injury.
Most disc injuries will respond favourably to Chiropractic care. Chiropractic is a holistic option that examines the entire musculoskeletal system, rather than focussing on only the symptoms of disc injury. This method identifies areas of weakness in the spine that may contribute to any disc problems, as well as targeting the site of the disc pain. At Back to Basics Chiropractic, treatment for disc injuries usually involves specific muscle release, spinal adjustments, and traction. Gradually, rehabilitation exercises will be given as the condition improves, involving stretches and strengthening to stabilise the condition.
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1. J Manipulative PhysiolTher. 2004 Mar-Apr;27(3):197-210.Safety of spinal manipulation in the treatment of lumbar disk herniations: a systematic review and risk assessment. Oliphant D.
FAQs
What is a disc injury?
A disc injury refers to damage or degeneration of the spinal discs, which are the soft cushions between the vertebrae. Common types include disc bulges, herniated discs, and degenerative disc disease. These issues can press on spinal nerves, causing pain, numbness, or weakness, usually in the back, buttocks, or legs.
What causes disc injuries?
Disc injuries are often caused by repetitive strain, poor posture, lifting heavy objects incorrectly, or sudden trauma such as a fall. Ageing also contributes, as discs naturally lose hydration and flexibility over time. Lack of core strength and sedentary lifestyles can increase the risk of injury.
What are the symptoms of a herniated disc?
Symptoms may include sharp back or neck pain, shooting pain down the arms or legs, tingling, numbness, or muscle weakness. Pain may worsen when sitting, coughing, or bending. The severity of symptoms depends on the extent of the disc damage and whether it is pressing on surrounding nerves.
Can disc injuries heal on their own?
In many cases, yes. Mild to moderate disc injuries can improve with rest, physiotherapy, and gentle movement. Inflammation often settles over time, and surrounding muscles may compensate. However, persistent or severe symptoms may require additional medical treatment or, in rare cases, surgical intervention.
How are disc injuries diagnosed?
Diagnosis is typically based on a physical examination, patient history, and imaging such as MRI or CT scans. These tests help determine the location and severity of the injury. A healthcare provider will also check reflexes, strength, and sensation to assess nerve involvement.
What treatments are available for disc injuries?
Treatments may include pain medication, physiotherapy, chiropractic care, heat therapy, massage, or TENS units. A structured exercise program can help strengthen supporting muscles. In some cases, epidural injections or surgery may be required to relieve pressure on nerves and restore function.
Can exercise help a disc injury?
Yes, low-impact exercise and targeted rehabilitation can support recovery. Activities like swimming, walking, and core strengthening may relieve pressure on the spine and improve stability. Exercises should be supervised to avoid aggravating the injury. Rest is important early on, but long-term immobility should be avoided.
When should I seek medical advice for a disc injury?
If you experience severe back pain, loss of bladder or bowel control, numbness in the groin area, or progressive leg weakness, seek urgent medical attention. These symptoms may indicate a serious condition like cauda equina syndrome. Persistent or worsening pain should also prompt a medical review.
